Keywords
scale adaptation
validity
reliability
ISEL- 12
How to Cite
Abstract
Social support plays a critical role in individuals' well-being and in their mental and physical health, and it serves a protective function in coping with stress. Existing social support measures in Turkish classify support primarily according to its source. The present study aimed to adapt the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List–Short Form (ISEL-12), which assesses perceived social support in terms of its functions (appraisal, belonging, and tangible support), into Turkish. Data were collected online from 206 university students aged 18 to 36. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original three-factor structure, whereas a unidimensional alternative model showed poor fit. Cronbach's alpha was .85 for the total score and .82, .65, and .81 for the appraisal, belonging, and tangible support subscales, respectively; the Spearman-Brown split- half coefficient was .82. Supporting criterion validity, the subscales correlated positively with life engagement and negatively with depressive symptoms and perceived stress. In conclusion, the Turkish version of the ISEL-12 provides preliminary evidence that it is a brief and practical instrument capable of assessing the functional dimensions of social support with adequate reliability and validity. Further research is recommended to examine its psychometric properties across different age, education, gender, and clinical populations.
References
Barrera, M., Jr. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922627
Beehr, T. A. ve Glazer, S. (2001). A cultural perspective of social support in relation to occupational stress. P. L. Perrewé ve D. C. Ganster (Ed.), Exploring theoretical mechanisms and perspectives (s. 97–142) içinde. Elsevier Science/JAI Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(01)01011-
Browne, M. W. ve Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. K. A. Bollen ve J. S. Long (Ed.), Testing structural equation models (s. 136–162). Sage.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (7. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
Cohen, S. ve Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 99–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. ve Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T. ve Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. I. G. Sarason ve B. R. Sarason (Ed.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (s. 73–94) içinde. Martinus Nijhoff.
Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G. ve Gottlieb, B. H. (Ed.). (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.001.0001
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Çetinkaya, F. F. ve Korkmaz, F. (2019). Algılanan sosyal destek ile stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.441325
Diener, E. ve Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630903900402
Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93–102.
Duru, E. (2008). Yalnızlığı yordamada sosyal destek ve sosyal bağlılığın rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(61), 15–26.
Eker, D. ve Arkar, H. (1995). Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 45–55.
Eker, D., Arkar, H. ve Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17– 25.
Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F. ve Dereboy, Ç. (2013). The adaptation of the Perceived Stress Scale into Turkish: A reliability and validity analysis. New Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132–140.
George, B., Guzman, A., Cohen, J. R., Gilmore, A. K. ve Bountress, K. E. (2022). Facets of social support are differentially predictive of mental health outcomes. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56, 262–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.06.067
Glazer, S. (2006). Social support across cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.01.013
Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Communicating social support. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606984
Haber, M. G., Cohen, J. L., Lucas, T. ve Baltes, B. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1–2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the social support scale for children. University of Denver.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R. ve Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889
Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). The autonomous-relational self: A new synthesis. European Psychologist, 1(3), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.3.180
Kaul, M. ve Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support’s relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(1), 59– 78. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.1.59.22761
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K. ve Taylor, S. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.518
Lakey, B., Adams, K., Neely, L., Rhodes, G., Lutz, C. J. ve Sielky, K. (2002). Perceived support and low emotional distress: The role of enacted support, dyad similarity, and provider personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1546– 1555. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237582
Lakey, B. ve Cohen, S. (2000). Social support and theory. S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood ve B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (s. 29–52) içinde. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0002
Li, Z. ve Li, Q. (2024). How social support affects resilience in disadvantaged students: The chain- mediating roles of school belonging and emotional experience. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020114
Merz, E. L., Roesch, S. C., Malcarne, V. L., Penedo, F. J., Llabre, M. M., Weitzman, O. B., Navas- Nacher, E. L., Perreira, K. M., Gonzalez, F., II, Ponguta, L. A., Johnson, T. P. ve Gallo, L. C. (2014). Validation of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 (ISEL-12) scores among English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanics/Latinos from the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035248
Pillemer, S. C. ve Holtzer, R. (2016). The differential relationship of dimensions of perceived social support with cognitive function among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 20(7), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1033683
Pines, A. M., Ben-Ari, A., Utasi, A. ve Larson, D. (2002). A cross-cultural investigation of social support and burnout. European Psychologist, 7(4), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.7.4.256
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G. ve Pierce, G. R. (1990). Traditional views of social support and their impact on assessment. B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason ve G. R. Pierce (Ed.), Social support: An interactional view (s. 9–25) içinde. Wiley.
Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., Schulz, R. ve Zdaniuk, B. (2006). The Life Engagement Test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1
Siyez, D. M. (2008). Adolescent self-esteem, problem behaviors, and perceived social support in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(7), 973–984. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.7.973
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. ve Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sunar, D. ve Fişek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. J. L. Roopnarine ve U. P. Gielen (Ed.), Families in global perspective (s. 169–183) içinde. Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
Tatar, A. ve Saltukoğlu, G. (2010). CES-Depresyon Ölçeği'nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve madde cevap kuramı kullanımı ile Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 20(3), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10177833.2010.11790662
Traş, Z. ve Arslan, E. (2013). Ergenlerde sosyal yetkinliğin, algılanan sosyal destek açısından incelenmesi. İlköğretim Online, 12(4), 1133–1140.
Turner, R. J. ve Brown, R. L. (2010). Social support and mental health. T. L. Scheid ve T. N. Brown (Ed.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (2. baskı, s. 200–212) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
Uğur, E. ve Akın, A. (2015). Yaşam bağlılığı ölçeği Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 424–432.
Yalçın, İ. (2015). İyi oluş ve sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye’de yapılmış çalışmaların meta analizi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.5080/u7769
Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 81–87.
Yıldırım, İ. (2006). Akademik başarının yordayıcısı olarak gündelik sıkıntılar ve sosyal destek. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(30), 258–267.
Yıldırım, M. ve Arslan, E. (2024). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeği: Ölçüm değişmezliği. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, (99), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1464331
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. ve Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi