Keywords
emotion
consolidation
culture
How to Cite
Abstract
An emotional event like a terrible traffic accident is remembered better than a neutral event. Recent research showed that emotionally enhanced memory might be due to the consolidation processes that take place after encoding. Consolidation is a process that enables memory traces to become stronger as time passes and resistant to interference. Presenting emotional pictures after neutral stimuli, compared to presenting neutral pictures, enhanced remembrance of these neutral stimuli. The point that attracts the attention of researchers is the automatic influence of emotional events on preceding neutral stimuli that are no longer in view. However, there is not enough evidence about the generalizability of this effect to other cultures like Turkish culture. The goal of this study is to examine whether emotional stimuli improve memory for preceding neutral stimuli in the Turkish sample. Two experiments were conducted, and 66 and 22 participants were in the first and second experiments, respectively. High arousal or low arousal pictures were presented after neutral pictures. Memory performance was measured after one week by a recognition test. The observed memory improvements in the literature could not be replicated with Turkish participants. The findings show that the effect of emotion on retrograde memory depends on culture.
References
Adolphs, R., Cahill, L., Schul, R. ve Babinsky, R. (1997). Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans. Learning & Memory, 4(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.4.3.291
Aggleton, J. P. (2000). The amygdala: A functional analysis (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ahles, T. A., Blanchard, E. B. ve Leventhal, H. (1983). Cognitive control of pain: Attention to the sensory aspects of the cold pressor stimulus. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7(2), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01190070
Anderson, A. K. ve Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411(6835), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/35077083
Anderson, A. K., Wais, P. E. ve Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2006). Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(5), 1599–1604. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506308103
Barnacle, G. E. (2015). Understanding emotional memory: Cognitive factors. [Master’s thesis, The University of Manchester]. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54582781/full_text.pdf
Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M. ve Haviland-Jones, J. M. (2018). Handbook of emotions (Fourth ed.). The Guilford Press.
Bennion, K. A., Ford, J. H., Murray, B. D. ve Kensinger, E. A. (2013). Oversimplification in the study of emotional memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(9), 953–961. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000945
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C. ve Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(2), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379
Buchanan, T. W. ve Lovallo, W. R. (2001). Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(3), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00058-5
Buchanan, T. W., Etzel, J. A., Adolphs, R. ve Tranel, D. (2006). The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.022
Cahill, L. (2000). Neurobiological mechanisms of emotionally influenced, long-term memory. Progress in Brain Research, 126, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26004-4
Cahill, L. ve Alkire, M. T. (2003). Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: Interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 79(2), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7427(02)00036-9
Cahill, L. ve McGaugh, J. L. (1995). A novel demonstration of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal. Consciousness and Cognition, 4(4), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1995.1048
Cahill, L. ve McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(7), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01214-9
Cahill, L. ve van Stegeren, A. (2003). Sex-related impairment of memory for emotional events with β- adrenergic blockade. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 79(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7427(02)00019-9
Cahill, L., Gorski, L. ve Le, K. (2003). Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: Interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learning & Memory, 10(4), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.62403
Chua, H. F., Boland, J. E. ve Nisbett, R. E. (2005). Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(35), 12629–12633. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506162102
Cukur, C. S., de Guzman, M. R. T. ve Carlo, G. (2004). Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism—collectivism: A Study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6), 613–634. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.144.6.613-634
Dodson, J. D. (1915). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation in the kitten. Journal of Animal Behavior, 5(4), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0073415
Dövencioğlu, N. D. (2008). Quantification of the effect of symmetry in face perception.[Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University]
Eysenck, M. W. (2000). A cognitive approach to trait anxiety. European Journal of Personality, 14(5), 463- 476.
Genc Aksaray, S. ve Ozcelik, E. (2023). Attention mediates the effect of emotional arousal on learning outcomes in multimedia learning: An eye-tracking study. Educational Psychology, 43(1), 38–56.
Grossmann, I., Ellsworth, P. C. ve Hong, Y. Y. (2012). Culture, attention, and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023817
Gutchess, A., Garner, L., Ligouri, L., Konuk, A. I. ve Boduroglu, A. (2018). Culture impacts the magnitude of the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect. Cognition and Emotion, 32(6), 1339-1346.
Hunt, R. ve Mcdaniel, M. (1993). The enigma of organization and distinctiveness. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1993.1023
Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability (3rd ed.), Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Kensinger, E. A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 213–218.
Ko, S. G., Lee, T. H., Yoon, H. Y., Kwon, J. H. ve Mather, M. (2011). How does context affect assessments of facial emotion? The role of culture and age. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020222
LaBar, K. S. ve Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1825
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. ve Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (pp. A-8). Gainesville, FL: NIMH, Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention.
LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Schuster.
Masuda, T., Ellsworth, P. C., Mesquita, B., Leu, J., Tanida, S. ve van de Veerdonk, E. (2008). Placing the face in context: Cultural differences in the perception of facial emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(3), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.365
Mather, M. ve Sutherland, M. R. (2011). Arousal-biased competition in perception and memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(2), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611400234
Matsumoto, D. ve Ekman, P. (1989). American-Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 13(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00992959
Matt, G. E., Vázquez, C. ve Campbell, W. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta- analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(92)90116-p
Mauro, R., Sato, K. ve Tucker, J. (1992). The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.301
McCullough, A. M., Ritchey, M., Ranganath, C. ve Yonelinas, A. (2015). Differential effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on recollection and familiarity-based recognition memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 123, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.007
McGaugh, J. L. (2000). Memory - A century of consolidation. Science, 287(5451), 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.248
McGaugh, J. L. (2003). Memory and emotion: The making of lasting memory, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
McGaugh, J. L. ve Roozendaal, B. (2002). Role of adrenal stress hormones in forming lasting memories in the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00306-9
Most, S. B. ve Junge, J. A. (2008). Don’t look back: Retroactive, dynamic costs and benefits of emotional capture. Visual Cognition, 16, 262-278.
Nisbett, R. E. ve Masuda, T. (2003). Culture and point of view. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(19), 11163–11170. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1934527100
Nisbett, R. E. ve Miyamoto, Y. (2005). The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.004
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I. ve Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.291
Okuda, S., Roozendaal, B. ve McGaugh, J. L. (2004). Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(3), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307803100
Ozcelik, E. ve Arslan-Ari, I. (2024) Enhancing multimedia learning by emotional arousal. The Journal of Experimental Education, 92(2), 247-261.
Ozcelik, E. ve Kilic. B. (2020). Remembered or forgotten stimuli: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the effects of emotion. Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 33, 376-387.
Öner, N. ve LeCompte, A. (1985). Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Phelps, E. A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145
Sazma, M. A., Shields, G. S. ve Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). The effects of post-encoding stress and glucocorticoids on episodic memory in humans and rodents. Brain and Cognition, 133, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.10.005
Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. G. ve Summerfield, A. B. (2011). Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study (European Monographs in Social Psychology) (Reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, S. R. ve Saari, B. (2007). The emotional memory effect: Differential processing or item distinctiveness? Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03192924
Schneider, W., Eschman, A. ve Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-prime: User's guide. Reference guide. Getting started guide. Psychology Software Tools, Incorporated.
Schwabe, L., Joëls, M., Roozendaal, B., Wolf, O. T. ve Oitzl, M. S. (2012). Stress effects on memory: An update and integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1740–1749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.002
Scollon, C. N., Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). Emotions across cultures and methods. In E. Diener (Ed.), Social Indicators Research Series: Vol. 38. Culture and Well-Being (Vol. 38, pp. 203– 228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_10
Sharot, T. ve Phelps, E. A. (2004). How arousal modulates memory: Disentangling the effects of attention and retention. Cognitive, Affective ve Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.4.3.294
Shields, G. S., Dunn, T. M., Trainor, B. C. ve Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). Determining the biological associates of acute cold pressor post-encoding stress effects on human memory: The role of salivary interleukin- 1β. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 81, 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.011
Snodgrass, J. G. ve Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental. Psychology: General, 117, 34–50.
Spielberger, C. D., Oorsuch, R. L. ve Lushene, R, E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Talmi, D. (2013). Enhanced emotional memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 430– 436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413498893
Talmi, D. ve Moscovitch, M. (2004). Can semantic relatedness explain the enhancement of memory for emotional words? Memory & Cognition, 32(5), 742–751. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195864
Talmi, D., Luk, B. T., McGarry, L. M. ve Moscovitch, M. (2007). The contribution of relatedness and distinctiveness to emotionally-enhanced memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 555–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.002
Wagenmakers, E. J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Love, J., ... ve Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: Theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 35-57.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi