Keywords
humor styles
depression symptoms
mediation analysis
How to Cite
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the indirect associations of the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms through humor styles (i.e., self-enhancing, affiliative, self-defeating, and aggressive humor styles) in Turkish culture. Data were collected from 373 university students via demographic information form and the Turkish versions of Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3, Humor Styles Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. Using Hayes Macro, five separate mediation analyses were performed for testing the indirect associations, one for each schema domain. The results generally revealed that humor styles partially mediated the relationships between the schema domains and depression symptoms. Particularly, self-defeating humor style was found to be the most consistent mediator between the relationship the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms. Also, the findings showed for the first time that aggressive style (partially) mediated the relations between some of the schema domains and depression symptoms and was negatively associated with these symptoms. Moving from these findings, it can be suggested that humor styles may serve as coping strategies for early maladaptive schemas. Thus, measuring and addressing humor styles in the treatment of depression symptoms may be beneficial in increasing the effectiveness of treatments. In addition, the current finding on aggressive humor style suggests that there may be cultural differences in the use of humor. However, cross-cultural studies are needed to conclude that cultural factors change the mediating role of humor styles in the relationship between schema domains and depression symptoms.
References
Beck, A. T. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
Bishop, A., Younan, R., Low, J., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29, 111- 130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2630
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. II: Separation, anxiety and anger. United States of America: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(1), 1- 10. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.1.1
Calvete, E. (2014). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 735- 746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.014
Camara, M., & Calvete, E. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the impact of stressful events on anxiety and depression in university students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34, 58-68. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10862-011-9261-6
Davoodi, E., Wen, A., Dobson, K., Noorbola, A. A., Mohammadi, A., & Farahmand, Z (2018). Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.017
Dozois, D. J. A., Martin, R. A., & Bieling, P. J. (2009). Early maldaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 585-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9
Dozois, D. J. A., Martin, R. A., & Faulkner, B. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas, styles of humor and aggression. Humor, 26(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2013-0006
Dyck, K. T. H., & Holtzman, S. (2013). Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationshipsand gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.023
Ford, T. E., Lappi, S. K., & Holden, C. J. (2016). Personality, humor styles and happiness: Happy people have positive humor styles. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 320-337. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1160
Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 7, 135-243.
Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression- based approach (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. Revised and Expanded 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Jiang, T., Li, H., & Hou, Y. (2019). Cultural differences in humor perception, usage, and implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00123
Jiang, F., Lu, S., Jiang, T., & Jia, H. (2020). Does the relation between humor styles and subjective well-being vary across culture and age? A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02213
Kunst, H., Lobbestael, J., Candel, I., & Batink, T. (2020). Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2467
Kuiper, N. A., Grimshaw, M., Leite, C., & Kirsh, G. (2004). Humor is not always the best medicine: Specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being. Humor – International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2004.002
Kuiper, N. A., & McHale, N. (2009). Humor styles as mediators between self-evaluative standards and psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 143(4), 359-376. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.143.4.359-376
Martin, R. A. (2006). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Elsevier Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., Doris, P. P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
Nicol, A., Mak, A. S., Murray, K., Walker, I., & Buckmaster, D. (2020). The relationships between early maladaptive schemas and youth mental health: A systematic review. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 715-751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10092-6
Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Çakır, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 75-84.
Tariq, A., Reid, C., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2021). A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 51(8), 1233- 1248. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721001458
Yerlikaya, E. E. (2003). Mizah Tarzları Ölçeği’nin uyarlama çalışması. Unpublished master thesis, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
Winnicott, D. W. (2005). Playing and reality (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi