Keywords
intergroup contact
cross-group friendships
immigration
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the positive and negative intergroup contact experiences between Turkish and Syrian students in the same class. The research was designed as a qualitative study. Semi-structured interview technique was used in the study. The study group consisted of 40 (Female: 32; Male:8) school psychological counselors. The verbal data collected by face-to-face interviews were analyzed using qualitative data analysis technique. As a result of the research, it was determined that Turkish and Syrian students helped each other depending on the positive intergroup contact. In terms of providing emotional support, the common language has become an important factor. A pattern was found between the effective use of common language, increased intergroup friendship, mutual emotional support, and helping behaviors. It was determined that Syrian students were more willing to accept Turkish students. When focusing on negative intergroup contact, meaningful results were found regarding the situation of Turkish and Syrian students disturbing each other. It is revealed that the Syrian students who do not use Turkish effectively turn to more disturbing behaviors and these students are more excluded. In particular, it was found that the intergroup prejudice was reduced and the insulting behaviors were less common in the classroom environment as the intergroup harmony and cohesion increased.
References
Aberson, C. L. (2015). Positive intergroup contact, negative intergroup contact, and threat as predictors of cognitive and affective dimensions of prejudice. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 18(6), 743-760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214556699
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., Rubin, M. ve Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1629-1643. doi:10.1177/0146167212457953
Chen, X. ve Graham, S. (2015). Cross-Ethnic Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes Among Asian American Adolescents. Child Development, 86(3), 749-764. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12339
Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F. ve Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 332- 351. doi:10.1177/1088868311411103
Dörnyei, Z. ve Csizér, K. (2005). The effects of intercultural Contact and tourism on Language attitudes and Language learning Motivation. Journal of Language and Socıal Psychology, 24(4), 327-357. doi: 10.1177/0261927X05281424
Florack, A., Rohmannb, A., Palcua, J. ve Mazziottab, A. (2014). How initial cross-group friendships prepare for intercultural communication: The importance of anxiety reduction and self-confidence in communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 278-288
Graf, S., Paolini, S. ve Rubin, M. (2014). Negative intergroup contact is more influential, but positive intergroup contact is more common: Assessing contact prominence and contact prevalence in five Central European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 536-547. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2052.
Harwood, J. ve Vincze, L. (2011) Mediating second language learning and intergroup contact in a bilingual setting. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 32(4), 377-386, doi: 10.1080/01434632.2011.574701
Harwood, J., Raman, P. ve Hewstone, M. (2006). The family and communication Dynamics of group salience. The Journal of Family Communication, 6(3), 181-200. doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0603_2
Hayward, L. E., Hornsey, M. J., Tropp, L. R. ve Barlow, F. K., (2017). Positive and negative intergroup contact predict Black and White Americans' judgments about police violence against Black Americans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47, 605-615. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12463.
Jansen, P. W., Mieloo, C. L., Dommisse-van Berkel, A., Verlinden, M., Van der Ende, J., Stevens, G., Verhulst, F. C., Jansen, W. ve Tiemeier, H. (2016). Bullying and Victimization Among Young Elementary School Children: The Role of Child Ethnicity and Ethnic School Composition. Race Soc Probl, 8, 271–280. doi 10.1007/s12552-016-9182-9
Joyce, N., Vincze, L. ve Marton, E., J. (2016) Crossing the communication divide: Intergroup contact and the desire to learn the outgroup’s language, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 9(4), 295-311, doi:10.1080/17513057.2016.1225440
Mazziotta, A., Rohmann, A., Wrightt C. S., Tezanos-Pintoi, D. P. ve Lutterbach, S. (2015). (How) does positive and negative extended cross-group contact predict direct cross-group contact and intergroup attitudes? European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 653-667.
Miles, M, B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Munniksma, A., Stark, H. T., Verkuyten, M., Flache, A. ve Veenstra, R. (2013). Extended intergroup friendships within social settings: The moderating role of initial outgroup attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relatons, 16(6) 752-770. doi 10.1177/1368430213486207
Paolini, S., Harwood, J. ve Rubin, M. (2010). Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: Explaining why intergroup conflict endures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1723-1738. http://dx. doi.org/10.1177/0146167210388667.
Paolini, S., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., Husnu, S., Joyce, N. ve Hewstone, M. (2014). Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 548-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2029.
Patton, Q. M. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (M. Bütün ve S., B., Demir, Çev.). Ankara Pegem Akademi. (Orjinal çalışma basım tarihi, 2002).
Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 187-199.
Pettigrew, T. F. ve Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.
Savelkoul, M., Gesthuizen, M. ve Scheepers, P. (2011). Explaining relationships between ethnic diversity and informal social capital across European countries and regions: Tests of constrict, conflict and contact theory. Social Science Research, 40, 1091–1107. doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.03.003
Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O. ve Voci, A. (2010). The impact of crossgroup friendships in South Africa: Affective mediators and multigroup comparisons. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 309-333. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01647.x
Techakesari, P., Barlow, F. K., Hornsey, M. J., Sung, B., Thai, M. ve Chak, J. L. Y. (2015). An investigation of positive and negative contact as predictors of intergroup attitudes in the United States, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 454-468. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0022022115570313
Tropp, L. R. ve Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Differential relationships between intergroup contact and affective and cognitive dimensions of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(8), 1145- 1158. Doi: 10.1177/0146167205274854
Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D. ve Visintin, E. P. (2015). And the best essay is . . . .Extended contact and cross-group friendship at school. British Journal of Social Psy-chology, 54, 601-615. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12110
Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Crispc, R. C. ve Capozzada, D. (2015). Comparing direct and imagined intergroup contact amongchildren: Effects on outgroup stereotypes and helpingintentions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 49, 46–53. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.009
Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2019 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi