Anahtar Kelimeler
bağlanma
mizaç
ebeveynlik
ihmal ve istismar
şema terapi
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Öz
Geleneksel bilişsel-davranışçı kuram ve uygulamadan temel alarak geliştirilen yenilikçi-bütünleyici bir yaklaşım olan şema terapi, çocukluk döneminde karşılanmayan temel duygusal ihtiyaçların ve olumsuz yaşantıların sonucunda, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların oluştuğunu ve bireylerin, yaşamlarını bu şemalar temelinde şekillendirdiğini öne sürmektedir. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, erken dönem yaşam deneyimleriyle şekillenen ve geçmişten bize miras olarak kalan ve gelecekteki yaşantılar için bir yol haritası sunan bilişsel yapılar olarak düşünülebilir. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların yetişkinlik dönemindeki işlevsel olmayan doğası göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu bilişsel şemaların nasıl oluştuğunun erken dönemde belirlenmesi önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların oluşum sürecinde rol oynayan, bağlanma biçimleri ve mizaç, ebeveynlik biçimleri ile çocukluk çağı örselenme yaşantılarına ilişkin çalışmalar gözden geçirilmiş ve çalışma bulguları kuram ve uygulama açısından incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda ele alındığında, erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaları değiştirmeyi hedefleyen şema terapinin sunduğu olanaklarla, geçmişi yeniden ele alıp düzenleyebilir, şimdiyi daha sağlıklı hale getirebilir ve geleceği koruma altına alabiliriz.
Referanslar
Ainsworth, M. S. ve Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333-341.
Anilmis, J. V., Stewart, C. S., Roddy, S., Hassanali, N., Muccio, F., Browning, S., ... ve Jolley, S. (2015). Understanding the relationship between schematic beliefs, bullying, and unusual experiences in 8–14 year olds. European Psychiatry, 30(8), 920-923.
Arntz, A. ve Van Genderen, H. (2014). Sınır Kişilik Bozukluğu için Şema Terapi. (M. Şaşıoğlu ve S. Kohen, Çev.). İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2009.)
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Beck, A. T. (1999). Cognitive aspects of personality disorders and their relation to syndromal disorders: A psychoevolutionary approach. C. R. Cloninger (Ed.), Personality and psychopathology (s. 411–429) içinde. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Beck, A. T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy: A 40-year retrospective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953–959.
Beck, A. T., B., Rush, J., Shaw, B. F. ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Bosmans, G., Braet, C. ve van Vlierberghe, L. V. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17(5), 374–385.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. II: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Briere, J. (2002). Treating adult survivors of severe childhood abuse and neglect: Further development of an integrative model. J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C.T. Hendrix, T. Reid ve C. Jenny (Eds.), The APSAC (American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children) Handbook on Child Maltreatment içinde. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Calvete, E. (2014). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 735-746.
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W. ve Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453-484.
Cecero, J. J., Nelson, J. D. ve Gillie, J. M. (2004). Tools and tenets of schema therapy: Toward the construct validity of the early maladaptive schema questionnaire–research version (EMSQ R). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11(5), 344-357.
Crockett, L. J. ve Hayes, R. (2011). Parenting practices and styles. Encyclopedia Of Adolescence, 2, 241-248.
Gay, L. E., Harding, H. G., Jackson, J. L., Burns, E. E. ve Baker, B. D. (2013). Attachment style and early maladaptive schemas as mediators of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(4), 408-424.
Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework. Child abuse & neglect, 26(6), 697-714.
Jones, C. J., Leung, N. ve Harris, G. (2006). Father-daughter relationship and eating psychopathology: The mediating role of core beliefs. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 319-330.
Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S. K., Eisemann, M. ve Waterloo, K. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16(5), 394-407.
Harding, H. G., Burns, E. E. ve Jackson, J. L. (2012). Identification of child sexual abuse survivor subgroups based on early maladaptive schemas: Implications for understanding differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 560-575.
Harris, A. E. ve Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405-416.
Haugh, J. A., Miceli, M. ve DeLorme, J. (2017). Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(1), 103-116.
Kellogg, S. H. ve Young, J. E. (2006). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 445-458.
Lumley, M. N. ve Harkness, K. L. (2007). Specificity in the relations among childhood adversity, early maladaptive schemas, and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(5), 639-657.
Mairet, K., Boag, S. ve Warburton, W. (2014). How important is temperament? The relationship between coping styles, early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 14(2), 171-190.
Mash, E. J. ve Dozois, D. J. A. (2003). Child psychopathology: A developmental- systems perspective. E. J. Mash ve R. A. Barkley (Ed.), Child Psychopathology (2. Basım) içinde. New York: The Guilford Press.
Mason, O., Platts, H. ve Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(4), 549-564.
McCarthy, M. C. ve Lumley, M. N. (2012). Sources of emotional maltreatment and the differential development of unconditional and conditional schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(4), 288-297.
McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D. ve Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(2), 219-242.
McLean, H. R., Bailey, H. N. ve Lumley, M. N. (2014). The secure base script: Associated with early maladaptive schemas related to attachment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87(4), 425-446.
Messman-Moore, T. L. ve Coates, A. (2007). The impact of childhood psychological abuse on adult interpersonal conflict: The role of early maladaptive schemas and patterns of interpersonal behavior. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(2), 75–92.
Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11(1), 11-15.
Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 405-413.
Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P. ve Young, J. E. (2013). Şema Terapi Ayırıcı Özellikler. (M. Şaşıoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2011.)
Rijkeboer, M. M. ve de Boo, G. M. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Development and validation of the schema inventory for children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 102-109.
Riskind, J. H. ve Alloy, L. B. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to psychological disorders: Overview of theory, design, and methods. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(7), 705-725.
Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T. ve Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 471-479.
Roemmele, M. ve Messman-Moore, T. L. (2011). Child abuse, early maladaptive schemas, and risky sexual behavior in college women. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 264-283.
Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 207-212.
Sarıtaş-Atalar, P. D. ve Gençöz, P. T. (2015). Anne ret algısı ile psikolojik sorunlar arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların aracı rolü. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(1), 40-47.
Schmidt, N. B., Schmidt, K. L. ve Young, J. E. (1999). Schematic and interpersonal conceptualizations of depression: An integration. T. Joiner ve J. C. Coyne (Ed.), The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches, (s. 127-148) içinde. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Simard, V., Moss, E. ve Pascuzzo, K. (2011). Early maladaptive schemas and child and adult attachment: A 15 year longitudinal study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(4), 349-366.
Stallard, P. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Stability and differences between a community and a clinic referred sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 10-18.
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S. ve Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65(3), 754-770.
Thimm, J. C. (2010a). Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), 52-59.
Thimm, J. C. (2010b). Personality and early maladaptive schemas: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 373-380.
Tremblay, P. F. ve Dozois, D. J. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Overlap with early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5), 569-574.
Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S. ve Cooper, M. J. (2005a). Parental bonding and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents: The meditating role of core beliefs. Eating Behaviors, 6(2), 113-118.
Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S. ve Cooper, M. J. (2005b). Schema and parental bonding in overweight and nonoverweight female adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 29(4), 381-387.
Wicks-Nelson, R. ve Israel, A. C. (2006). Behavior disorders of childhood. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
World Health Organization (2016). Child maltreatment. Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2017, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/
Wright, M. O. D., Crawford, E. ve Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 59- 68.
Yiğit, İ. ve Erden, G. (2015). Çocukluk çağı istismar yaşantıları ile genel psikolojik sağlık arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 30 (75), 47-59.
Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd edition). Florida, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Young, J. E. ve Klosko, J. S. (2011). Hayatı Yeniden Keşfedin. (S. Kohen ve D. Güler, Çev.). İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1993.)
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
Zoroğlu, S. S., Tüzün, Ü., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Kora, M. E. ve Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk dönemi istismar ve ihmalinin olası sonuçları. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-78.
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2017 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi