Öz
Beliren yetişkinlerde güvenli bağlanma ile akran baskısı arasındaki ilişki iyi bilinmesine rağmen bu ilişkideki olası aracı mekanizmalar hakkında alan yazında az sayıda bilgi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinlerde güvenli bağlanma ile akran baskısı arasındaki ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığının aracı rolünü incelemektir. Yaşları 18 ile 24 arasında değişen (Ortyaş = 21.58, S = 1.50), 836 Türk üniversite öğrencisinin (%82’si kadın) ebeveynlerine güvenli bağlanmalarına ilişkin algılarını değerlendirmek amacıyla Kerns Güvenli Bağlanma Ölçeği, aileleri ve sosyal ilişkileriyle ilgili reddedilme duyarlılıklarını değerlendirmek amacıyla Reddedilme Duyarlılığı Anketi ve sosyal ilişkilerine ilişkin algıladıkları akran baskısını değerlendirmek amacıyla Akran Baskısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler çevrimiçi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma değişkenleri arasındaki doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkilere ilişkin yol analizi sonuçları, güvenli bağlanmanın, akran baskısını ve reddedilme duyarlılığını negatif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Ek olarak, reddedilme duyarlılığı akran baskısını pozitif yönde yordamıştır. Bu bağlamda, reddedilme duyarlılığı, güvenli bağlanma ile akran baskısı arasındaki ilişkiye anlamlı bir şekilde aracılık etmiştir. Bulgular, beliren yetişkinlerde aile ve sosyal faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelerken, reddedilme duyarlılığı gibi bireysel faktörlerin de dikkate alınması gerektiğinin altını çizmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bağlanma kuramı, güvenli bağlanma, reddedilme duyarlılığı, akran baskısı, beliren yetişkinlik
Referanslar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1963). The development of infant-mother interaction among the Ganda. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior II (pp. 67–104). Methuen.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
Allen, J. P., Chango, J., Szwedo, D., Schad, M., & Marston, E. (2012). Predictors of susceptibility to peer influence regarding substance use in adolescence. Child Development, 83(1), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01682.x
Allen, J. P., Moore, C., Kuperminc, G., & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 69(5), 1406-1419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06220.x
Allen, J. P., Porter, M., McFarland, C., & McElhaney, K. B. (2007). The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behavior. Child Development, 78(4), 1222–1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01062.x
Angela, K., Sun-Kyung, L., & Jodi, D. (2020). Peer pressure and substance use in emerging adulthood: A latent profile analysis, Substance Use & Misuse, 55(10), 1716-1723. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1759642
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (pp. 219- 241). Oxford University Press.
Ayduk, O., Downey, G., & Kim, M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 868-877. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201277009
Ayduk, O., May D., Downey G., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Tactical differences in coping with rejection sensitivity: The role of prevention pride. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 435-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202250911
Bámaca-Colbert, M., & Umaña-Taylor, A. (2006). Testing a model of resistance to peer pressure among Mexican-origin adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 626-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9055-4
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Bowlby, J. (1973). Security, anxiety, and distress. Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger (pp.3-30). Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). On knowing what you are not supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 24(5), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674377902400506
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
Bradley, G., & Wildman, K. (2002). Psychosocial predictors of emerging adults’ risk and reckless behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(4), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015441300026
Brown, B. B. (1982). The extent and effects of peer pressure among high school students: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834708
Brown, B. B., Eicher, S. A., & Petrie, S. (1986). The importance of peer group ('crowd') affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 9(1), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(86)80029-X
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1053– 1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1053
Doumen, S., Smits, I., Luyckx, K., Duriez, B., Vanhalst, J., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2012). Identity and perceived peer relationship quality in emerging adulthood: The mediating role of attachment- related emotions. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1417-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.01.003
Downey, G., Feldman, S., Khuri, J., & Friedman, S. (1994). Maltreatment and childhood depression. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Issues in clinical child psychology. Handbook of depression in children and adolescents, 481–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1510-8_22
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327
Downey, G., Khouri, H., & Feldman, S. I. (1997). Early interpersonal trauma and later adjustment: The mediational role of rejection sensitivity. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 85–114). University of Rochester Press.
Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545
Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincón, C., & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074–1091. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132363
Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincón, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. (pp. 148–174). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316182185.008
Eder, D. (1985). The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents. Sociology of Education, 58(3), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112416
Engels, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C., Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (2001). Parental attachment and adolescents’ emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 428–439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.4.428
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. Psychological Issues, 1, 1-171.
Erözkan, A. (2009). Rejection sensitivity levels with respect to attachment styles, gender, and parenting styles: A study with Turkish students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(1), 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.1.1
Erözkan, A., & Kömür, S. (2006). Rejection sensitivities and attachment styles of university students. First International Congress on Interpersonal Acceptance and Rejection, 22-24 June, Istanbul, Turkey.
Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005976
Fletcher, C. (1995). New directions for performance appraisal: Some findings and observations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 3, 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.1995.tb00027.x
Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: Social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology, 41(4), 235-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7
Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2001). An attributional approach to peer victimization. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 49–72). The Guilford Press.
Gupta, M. (2008). Functional links between intimate partner violence and animal abuse: Personality features and representation of aggression. Society & Animals, 16(3), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853008X323385
Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53(1), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129640
Hawley, P. H. (2002). Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(2), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000726
Hong, Y. R., & Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 55(12), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.12.449
Horney, K. (1937). Ways of getting affection and sensitivity to rejection. The neurotic personality of our time (pp. 135-147). W. W. Norton & Company.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1- 55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
İbrahim, D. M., Rohner, R. P., Smith, R. L. & Flannery, K. M. (2015). Adults’ remembrances of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood predict current rejection sensitivity in adulthood. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 44(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12119
Ishaq, M., & Haque, M. A. (2015). Attachment styles, self-esteem and rejection sensitivity among university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 46(2), 3-22.
Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (1996). Culture and self. Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side (pp. 20-26). Psychology Press.
Karen, R. (1990). Becoming attached. The Atlantic Monthly, 265(2), 35-70.
Kennedy, J. H. (1999). Romantic attachment style and ego identity, attributional style, and family of origin in first-year college students. College Student Journal, 33(2), 171-171.
Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.3.457
Khoshkam, S., Bahrami, F., Ahmadi, S. A., Fatehizade, M., & Etemadi, O. (2012). Attachment style and rejection sensitivity: The mediating effect of self-esteem and worry among Iranian college students. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(3), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i3.463
Kiran-Esen, B. (2003). The development of peer pressure scale: studies on the validity and reliability. Educational Science and Practice, 2(3), 65-76.
Kirchhoff, C. M., Desmarais, E. E., Putnam, S. P., & Gartstein, M. A. (2019). Similarities and differences between western cultures: Toddler temperament and parent-child interactions in the United States (US) and Germany. Infant Behavior and Development, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101366
Laghi, F., D’Alessio, M., Pallini, S., & Baiocco, R. (2009). Attachment representations and time perspective in adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 90(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9249-0
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169004882
Lansu, T. A., & Cillessen, A. H. (2012). Peer status in emerging adulthood: Associations of popularity and preference with social roles and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 132-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558411402341
London, B., Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Paltin, I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 481-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1532-7795.2007.00531.X
London, B., Downey, G., Romero-Canyas, R., Rattan, A., & Tyson, D. (2012). Gender-based rejection sensitivity and academic self-silencing in women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026615
Lotar, M. (2011). Resistance to peer pressure – What’s attachment got to do with it? In M. Lebedina Manzoni, M. Lotar, & N. Ricijaš (Eds.), Peer pressure in adolescence – Boundaries and possibilities (pp. 46– 59). LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
Mace, C., & Margison, F. (1997). Attachment and psychotherapy: An overview. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01900.x
Marston, E. G., Hare, A., & Allen, J. P. (2010). Rejection sensitivity in late adolescence: Social and emotional sequelae. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 959–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00675.x
McLachlan, J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & McGregor, L. (2010). Rejection sensitivity in childhood and early adolescence: Peer rejection and protective effects of parents and friends. Journal of Relationships Research, 1(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1375/jrr.1.1.31
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 35 (p. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
Natarajan, G., Somasundaram, C. P., & Sundaram, K. R. (2011). Relationship between attachment security and rejection sensitivity in early adolescence. Psychological Studies, 56(4), 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0108-8
Özen, A., Sümer, N., & Demir, M. (2011). Predicting friendship quality with rejection sensitivity and attachment security. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510380607
Pachankis, J. E., Goldfried, M. R., & Ramrattan, M. E. (2008). Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.306
Parker, J. G., & Gottman, J. M. (1989). Social and emotional development in a relational context: Friendship interaction from early childhood to adolescence. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 95–131). John Wiley & Sons.
Parker, J., Rubin, K. H., Erath, S., Wojslawowicz, J. C., & Buskirk, A. A. (2006). Peer relationships and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed.) (pp. 419–493). Wiley.
Richter, M., & Schoebi, D. (2021). Rejection sensitivity in intimate relationships: Implications for perceived partner responsiveness. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 229(3), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000448
Rihtarić, M. L., & Kamenov, Ž. (2013). Susceptibility to peer pressure and attachment to friends. Psihologija, 46, 111-126. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1302111L
Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2013). Attachment quality and psychopathological symptoms in clinically referred adolescents: the mediating role of early maladaptive schema. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x
Rosenbach, C., & Renneberg, B. (2014). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between experienced rejection and borderline characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 176– 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.032
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Sandstrom, M. J., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Eisenhower, A. (2003). Children's appraisal of peer rejection experiences: Impact on Social and Emotional Adjustment. Social Development, 12(4), 530–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00247
Santor, D., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Measuring peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance abuse. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005152515264
Schneider, B. H., Atkinson, L., & Tardif, C. (2001). Child–parent attachment and children's peer relations: A quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.86
Sim, T. N., & Koh, S. F. (2003). Domain conceptualization of adolescent susceptibility to peer pressure. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301002
Spruit, A., Goos, L., Weenink, N., Rodenburg, R., Niemeyer, H., Stams, G. J, & Colonnesi, C. (2020). The relation between attachment and depression in children and adolescents: A multilevel meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9
Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1986). Attachment and the construction of relationships. In W. W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development (pp. 51–71). Erlbaum.
Sümer, N., & Şendağ, M. A. (2009). Attachment to parents during middle childhood, self-perceptions, and anxiety. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 86–101.
Uslu, M. (2013). Relationship between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in high school adolescents. International Journal of Academic Research, 5, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/B.19
Weigold, A., Weigold, I. K., & Russell, E. J. (2013). Examination of the equivalence of self-report survey- based paper-and-pencil and internet data collection methods. Psychological Methods, 18(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031607

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2023 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi
