Öz
Sürekli değişen görsel çevremizde maruz kaldığımız onca uyarıcı arasından ilgili olanları seçip ilgisiz olanları dışlamak oldukça önemli bir bilişsel beceridir. Etkili dikkat seçimi üzerine uzun yıllardır süregelen erken ve geç seçme tartışmaları hala güncelliğini korurken; Lavie ve Tsal (1994) tarafından iki yaklaşımı birleştiren hibrit bir kuram ortaya atılmıştır. Algısal yük kuramı, kısıtlı algı kapasitesine vurgu yaptığından erken seçme; otomatik işlemeye vurgu yaptığından geç seçme yaklaşımlarına benzetilmektedir. Kurama göre, görsel alanımızdaki çeldiricilerin işlenebilmesi, o an yaptığımız işin ya da görevin algısal yüküne bağlıdır. Algısal yük arttıkça görevle ilgisiz uyarıcılar kolayca dikkat filtresinin dışında tutulabilir; çünkü kapasite görevle dolmuştur. Algısal yük kısıtlı kapasiteyi dolduracak kadar yüksek değilse, çeldiricinin işlenmesi ve bozucu etkisi kaçınılmazdır. Kurama göre, seçici dikkat sürecinde temel belirleyici faktör algısal yüktür. Kuramın ortaya atılmasının ardından pek çok destek çalışması gelmekle beraber, özellikle son yıllarda, kuramın varsayımlarıyla uyumsuz çalışmaların sayısı da göz ardı edilemeyecek düzeydedir. Belirginlik, yakınlık, benzerli, seyreltme etkisi vb. pek çok başka faktörün seçici dikkat sürecindeki önemi gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, algısal yükün etkili bir dikkat seçiminde temel belirleyici faktör olmasa da, etkili faktörlerden biri olduğu açıktır.
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