Öz
Bu çalışma, duygular ve mekânsal ipucu faktörlerinin global ve lokal işlemleme süreçlerindeki değişimlemeye etkisini incelemek üzere tasarlanmıştır. Amaç, duyguların global-lokal yanlılığa etkisini ve sembolik ok ipucu uyaranlarının bu süreci ne derece değişimlemeye uğrattığını incelemektir. Navon (1977) tarafından geliştirilen uyumlu ve uyumsuz uyaran setleri kullanılarak, global/lokal düzlemde bulunan şekillerin aynı ya da farklı olmasıyla, sırasıyla uyumlu ve uyumsuz uyaran setleri elde edilmiştir. Her iki deneyde global ve lokal yanlılığa yol açması için global, lokal ve nötr sembolik ok uyaranları mekânsal ipucu olarak kullanılmıştır. Uyaran setleri ekranda belirmeden önce, duygu yüklü (Deney 1A: pozitif, Deney 1B: negatif) ya da nötr resim ile mekânsal ipucu uyaranı eş zamanlı gösterilmiştir. Ardından, katılımcılardan gösterilen üç farklı uyarandan birini seçmeleri istenmiştir. Duygu durum ve mekânsal ipucu faktörlerinin etkisiyle seçilen uyaranın global/lokal yanlılığı yansıtacağı öngörülmüştür. Tepki süreleri ve global-lokal tercih verileri analiz edilmiştir. Tepki süresi herhangi bir faktöre bağlı olarak değişimlemeye uğramamıştır. Global/lokal yanlılık ölçümleri ise negatif duygu durumunun lokal yanlılıktan global yanlılığa doğru bir değişime yol açtığını göstermiştir. Bulgular, yeni bir yöntemsel yaklaşım ile global ve lokal işleme süreçlerine dair bilgi sunmaktadır.
Referanslar
Baumann, N. ve Kuhl, J. (2005). Positive affect and flexibility: Overcoming the precedence of global over local processing of visual information. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 123-134. 10.1007/s11031- 005-7957-1
Dale, G. ve Arnell, K. M. (2013). Investigating the stability of and relationships among global/local processing measures. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(3), 394-406. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0416-7
Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
Fink, G. R., Halligan, P. W., Marshall, J. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J. ve Dolan, R. J. (1996). Where in the brain does visual attention select the forest and the trees?. Nature, 382(6592), 626-628. https://doi.org/10.1038/382626a0
Fink, G. R., Halligan, P. W., Marshall, J. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. ve Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural mechanisms involved in the processing of global and local aspects of hierarchically organized visual stimuli. Brain: a journal of neurology, 120(10), 1779-1791. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.10.1779
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R. ve Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 681-700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
Fox, E., Russo, R. ve Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 16(3), 355-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000527
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Gable, P. A. ve Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows: Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21(2), 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609359622
Gable, P. A., Poole, B. D. ve Cook, M. S. (2013). Asymmetrical hemisphere activation enhances global– local processing. Brain and Cognition, 83(3), 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.012
Gasper, K. (2004). Do you see what I see? Affect and visual information processing. Cognition and Emotion, 18(3), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930341000068
Georgiou, G. A., Bleakley, C., Hayward, J., Russo, R., Dutton, K., Eltiti, S., vd. (2005). Focusing on fear: Attentional disengagement from emotional faces. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000076
Gokce, A., Zinchenko, A., Annac, E., Conci, M. ve Geyer, T. (2021). Affective modulation of working memory maintenance: The role of positive and negative emotions. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 107-116. 10.5709/acp-0321-7
Han, S., Weaver, J. A., Murray, S. O., Kang, X., Yund, E. W. ve Woods, D. L. (2002).Hemispheric asymmetry in global/local processing: Effects of stimulus position and spatial frequency. NeuroImage, 17(3), 1290-1299. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1255
Han, S. ve Humphreys, G. W. (1999). Interactions between perceptual organization based on Gestalt laws and those based on hierarchical processing. Perception & Psychophysics, 61(7), 1287-1298. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206180
Hartikainen, K. M., Ogawa, K. H. ve Knight, R. T. (2010). Trees over forest: unpleasant stimuli compete for attention with global features. Neuroreport, 21(5), 344-348. 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328336eeb3
Hervé, P. Y., Zago, L., Petit, L., Mazoyer, B. ve Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2013). Revisiting human hemispheri specialization with neuroimaging. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.004
Huntsinger, J. R., Clore, G. L. ve Bar-Anan, Y. (2010). Mood and global–local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global–local processing. Emotion, 10(5), 722-726. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019356
Hübner, R. (2000). Attention shifting between global and local target levels: The persistence of level repetition effects. Visual Cognition, 7, 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/135062800394612
Johnson, K. J., Waugh, C. E. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Smile to see the forest: Facially expressed positive emotions broaden cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 299-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903384667
Kimchi, R. (1992). Primacy of wholistic processing and global/local paradigm: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.24
Kimchi, R. ve Palmer, S. E. (1982). Form and texture in hierarchically constructed patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 521–535.10.1037/0096- 1523.8.4.521
Kinchla, R. A., Solis-Macias, V. ve Hoffman, J. (1983). Attending to different levels of structure in a visual image. Perception & Psychophysics, 33(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205860
Kuppens, P. (2008). Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 1053-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.007
Lamb, M. R., Pond, H. M. ve Zahir, G. (2000). Contributions of automatic and controlled processes to thh analysis of hierarchical structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26(1), 234-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.26.1.234
Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M. ve Cuthbert, B.N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Li, X., Chan, R. C. K. ve Luo, Y. (2010). Stage effects of negative emotion on spatial and verbal working memory. BMC Neuroscience, 11: 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-#2202-11-60
Li, X., Li, X. ve Luo, Y. J. (2006). Differential influences of negative emotion on spatial and verbal working memory: Evidence from event-related potential and source current density analysis. Neuroreport, 17(14), 1555-1559. 10.1097/01.wnr.0000234744.50442.2b
Love, B. C., Rouder, J. N. ve Wisniewski, E. J. (1999). A structural account of global and local processing. Cognitive Psychology, 38(2), 291-316. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1998.0697
Memis, E., Guney, C. ve Gökçe, A. (2020). Duygu yüklü kelimelerin işlenmesinde konfigürasyon temelli temsiller. Psikoloji Çalışmaları - Studies in Psychology, 40(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0014
Mills, M. ve Dodd, M. D. (2014). Which way is which? Examining global/local processing with symbolic cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1429– 1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036454
Mills, M. ve Dodd, M. D. (2016). Which way is which? Examining symbolic control of attention with compound arrow cues. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78(7), 2152-2163. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1145-0
Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9(3), 353-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3
Navon, D. (1981). The forest revisited: More on global precedence. Psychological Research, 43(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00309635
Oberauer, K. ve Hein, L. (2012). Attention to information in working memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(3), 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412444727
Padmala, S., Bauer A. ve Pessoa, L. (2011). Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control. Frontiers in Psychology 2:192. 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00192
Paquet, L. (1999). Global dominance outside the focus of attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 52(2), 465-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755817
Paquet, L. ve Merikle, P. M. (1988). Global precedence in attended and nonattended objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14(1), 89-100. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1988-19050-001
Peirce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy—psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017Plancher, G., Massol, S., Dorel, T., ve Chainay, H. (2019). Effect of negative emotional contenton attentional maintenance in working memory. Cognition and Emotion, 33, 1489–1496. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1561420
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248231
Posner, M. I. ve Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of attention. In H. Bouma & D. Bowhuis (Eds.), Attention and Performance X (pp. 531-556). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Robertson, L. C. (1996). Attentional persistence for features of hierarchical patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125(3), 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.227
Robertson, L. C., Egly, R., Lamb, M. R. ve Kerth, L. (1993). Spatial attention and cuing to global and local levels of hierarchical structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19(3), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.19.3.471
Sakaki, M., Niki, K., ve Mather, M. (2012). Beyond arousal and valence: The importance of the biological versus social relevance of emo- tional stimuli. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 115–139. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0062-x
Schmidt, S. R. ve Schmidt, C. R. (2016). The emotional carryover effect in memory for words. Memory, 24(7), 916-938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1059859
Schneider, I. K., Veenstra, L., van Harreveld, F., Schwarz, N. ve Koole, S. L. (2016). Let’s not be indifferent about neutrality: Neutral ratings in the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) mask mixed affective responses. Emotion, 16(4), 426-430. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000164
Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., Tewell, C. A. ve Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effect of negative affect on cognition: Anxiety, not anger, impairs executive function. Emotion, 16(6), 792-797. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000151
Spachtholz, P., Kuhbandner, C. ve Pekrun, R. (2014). Negative affect improves the quality of memories: Trading capacity for precision in sensory and working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1450-1456. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000012
Storbeck, J. ve Watson, P. (2014). Verbal makes it positive, spatial makes it negative: Working memory biases judgments, attention, and moods. Emotion, 14(6), 1072-1086. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037327
Tan, H. K., Jones, G. V. ve Watson, D. G. (2009). Encouraging the perceptual underdog: Positive affective priming of nonpreferred local–global processes. Emotion, 9(2), 238- 247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014713
The jamovi project (2020). jamovi (Version 1.2) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org
von Mühlenen, A., Bellaera, L., Singh, A. ve Srinivasan, A. (2018). The effect of sadness on global-local processing. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 80, 1072–1082. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-1534-7
Wagenmakers, E. J. (2007). A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(5), 779-804. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194105
Wertheimer, M. (1967). Gestalt theory. In W D. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology (pp. 1-11). New York: Humanities Press.

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2021 Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi
